Acquiring communicative competence, the ability to effectively and accurately use a foreign language in communication, is the primary...

In language learning and education, developing receptive skills is a key part of a learner's journey. Receptive skills – listening and reading – are often approached through two main types of strategies: bottom-up and top-down. While both are important, top-down strategies are frequently undervalued in modern courseware. Grandomastery, an Integrative Thinking Training Platform founded by Alexander Popov, supports the development of both strategies – with a particular focus on